Case Study Oil Pollution In Malaysia

Case Study Oil taint In MalaysiaNowadays nautical operations have been seriously affected by the milieual studys. The environmental hacks have become the challenges for merchant post progress s superannuatedier. marineic companies, ship owners, port operators, shipyard, bunker, dealers argon now big(a) the concern to the maritime cleanliness. Marine environmental issues include the matters such as cover pollution, nixion to control of funnel emissions and from the dumping of applesauce to use of antifouling.The impacts of shipping and ports on the leatherneck environment have brought an interest to the community. Even though shipping industry always seen as environmental friendly, however, they still contri onlye to pollution. transport industry is seen as environmental friendly because the impact of pollution brought by shipping is much lesser than the road and in addition air.In the year 1990, 12% of marine pollutants estimated were ca apply by the marine transport . The impacts that brought by shipping and port activities be through operational and also accidents. These impacts may lead to wide range of marine habitats. So, legislation regarding environmental and also shipping activities is set to increase in the next ten years to minimize the risk that brought by port activities.In our paper, we will outlineCases that regard marine environmental issueConsequences of shipping on the environmentLaws and regulations and also maritime organizations in minimizing the marine environment worry2.0 Case Study OIL POLLUTION IN MALAYSIAThe marine pollution has now become a crucial issue that drawn the concerns of galore(postnominal) countries. This issue was seen as it will generate a great negative effect towards living creatures on the earth. There atomic number 18 many sources that contributed to marine pollution, which mostly argon the land-based sources and vessel-based. So, to proceed into deeper understanding on marine pollution, our focus would be on the vessel-based or ocean transportation as one of the causes to the marine pollution.To talk just about the ocean transportation, it eventually referring to marine transport and the activities at ports. Cargo and oil color color color color ports usually are non the major cause to the pollution. However, it only occurred when there are the shipping accidents, oil spills and so on. peculiarly to the busiest traffic route, accidents tend to happen frequently. It butt jointnot be blame that the wet shipping is now increasing due to more than and more open trade in international level. When there is the open trade, more trade activities between nations occur, therefore in order to deliver those goods, mass prefer to choose wet transport, as it is less expensive than separate kind of transportation. Hence, more vessels are operating to fulfill those requests. As the consequences, more vessels aim the increasing of the possibilities of the accidents may occur and more pollution.For instance, the Straits of Malacca and the South China ocean is the major commercial shipping route between the India naval and the Pacific Ocean. The Straits of Malacca is exposed to a serious vessel-based marine pollution due to heavy volume of shipping passing through it. From the annual report of Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency, it stated that in 2010, there are more than 75000 vessels passed through the Straits. Thus, those vessels that passed through are believed to discharge the pollutants that make significant to marine pollution such as oil and grease into the water from the activities of tank cleaning, bilging, deballasting and bunkering.Table 1.0 on below presents that the number of vessels that stop by the major ports along the Straits of Malacca from 2000 to 2002. From the statistics, Penang and Port Klang were the busiest ports compared to others.Table 1.0 Number of Vessels by Major Ports in the Straits of Malacca (2001-2002)PORT20002001200 2PENANG7,2637,4607,328PORT KLANG12,8041,30313,175SUNGAI UDANG9551,066987PORT DICKSON1,1851,152908MALACCA1,3561,0901,137TG. BRUAS461462423 gibe24,02424,53323,958(Source retrieved from Marine De severment, Malaysia)Besides that, the oil pollution at the Malaysian coastal waters also may come from the vessel operation, tanker accidents, and oil geographic expedition and so on. (Law, Ravinthar Yeong, 1990). Since the arising of the number of vessels on the sea, it could not be help with the shipping accidents may come out as the heavy maritime traffic. During the period between 1975 and 1987, the shipping accidents that occurred in Malaysian water were more than ten cases. From those accidents, the calculation of the crude oil that spilled and released into marine environment was about 23,000 lashings. In which, that sum of money of oil pollution was equivalent to an average of 150 ships per day that crossing the Straits of Malacca (Finn et al. 1979).Table 2.0 Type of vessels that i nvolved in accident in Malaysia (2008 to 2011) attribute OF VESSEL / YEAR2008200920102011TANKER9191417BULK CARRIER1552CONTAINER36105OFFSHORE SUPPORT VESSEL13714CARGO1013109 another(prenominal)17271315(Source retrieved from Marine Department, Malaysia)Table 2.0 memorialises that the type of vessels that involved in accident from 2008 to 2011. From the statistics, it indicated the pollution that caused by the vessels at the resembling time.As well as the activity that related to handling of crude oil and refined oil at the terminals and the port will also contribution to oil pollution, because in some circumstances, somemultiplication during the process of transferring the oil from an oil tanker to oil terminal will eventually cause the oil leaking and go into the sea. For subject, the oil handling activities and heavy maritime tanker vessels that goes through the Straits of Malacca that cause the drop of quality of coastal waters at the Port Dickson (Law, Ravinthar Yeong, 1990). fudge 3.0 Oil Spill Incidents in Malaysia Waters Year (1976-1997)YearName of ShipLocationCauseType and Quantity of Oil Spill1977AsianThe Straits of MalaccaCollision supply oil 60 piles1978ESSO MERSIAThe South China seaCollisionFuel oil 505 tons1979 eventThe South China seaCollision raw(a) oil 10000 tons1980LIMAThe Straits of SingaporeCollisionCrude oil 700 tons1981MT OCEAN TRASUREThe Straits of MalaccaHuman misplayFuel oil 1050 tons1984BAYAN PLATFORMThe South China SeaHuman ErrorCrude oil 700 tons1986BRIGHT DUKE/MV PANTASThe Straits of MalaccaCollision1987MV STOLT ADVThe Straits of SingaporeGroundingCrude oil 2000 tons1987ELHANI PLATFORMThe Straits of SingaporeGroundingCrude oil 2329 tons1988GOLAR LIEThe Straits of SingaporeGrounding1992NAGASAKI SPIRITNear Medan, IndonesiaCollisionCrude oil 13000 tons1997EVOIKOS/ORADIN GLOBALThe Straits of SingaporeCollisionFuel oil 25000 tons1997AN TAIThe Straits of MalaccaMaterial FatigueFuel oil 237 tons(Source retrieved from Marine Departmen t, Malaysia)From the data, it shown the numerous of oil spill incidents happened in around Malaysia Waters. It indicated the seriousness of the marine pollution issue at the same time. Especially the crude oil is very difficult to clean up, and it may last for years in sediments. As the consequences of oil pollution, it develops huge impact to surroundings not only to marine ecosystem but also to all-kind living ecosystem either now or indirectly as they are chain together and interdependent to to each one other.Therefore, in order to tackle down the oil pollution issue, there are many enactments that related to water transport were drafted by Malaysian governance as an effort to reduce the issues. As the example, Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution) Act 1994, this act was introduced to impose punishment and civil liability in the work of wages compensation to any vessel that caused pollution damage within the area of Malaysia. For such, the owner of the ship will liable and subje ct to fines. At the same time, Malaysian government and other victims able to claimed compensation against the owner for the damage that caused. The oil pollution damages are include of the property damage, the clean-up cost at the sea and on-shore, as well as the economical loss such as marine culture industries and tourism sectors.In the international level, MARPOL 73/78 is the world-wide collection for the streak of Pollution from Ship. It was drafted to reduce the marine pollution, including dumping, oil and others. Its objective is to preserve the marine ecosystem through the complete elimination of oil pollution and other harmful substances and yet to minimize the accidental discharge of those pollutants. Hence, in this treaty, states that signed are bound to the obligation on preserving the marine ecosystem.In a part of conclusion, the water transportation is considered to be related to environmental issue. Though it may be in minor interrelated but I believed it should b e taken in great concern as the problems that created may develop great impacts to all. So, I think the awareness should be took place before a welt situation it can be developed into that could be out of control.Case study Sea droolIn this modernistic century, every things is going in the rapid rate, every country is try to develop become a modern and developed, wish to change from the developing country to developed country, this for sure that the technology keep on upgrade to achieve it. When the positive things happen, at the same time have the negative things happen, because of the technology keep on upgrading, on the same time the waste is keep on increasing too. The world is changing time by time, previously the world is not the world of today. This is also hap on the Sea. The sea of today is so polluted here I would desire to explain to some case about the sea and what is going on in the real situation.First and foremost, I would like to says that the sea pollution is when the chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural and residential waste, noise or the spread of invasive organisms get in to the ocean, is may cause to become potential harmful or harmful effects it happen the sea pollution. Later on I will hash out about how the ship release those rubbish in to the sea and how it affect the sea. Thos garbage will affect the whole ecosystem. We will show out a table about how many years needed for the garbage to digest. Garbage from ships can be just as deadly to marine life as oil or chemicals. This will affect the whole worlds not just the sea as well as our human being. Here I would like to talk about more how the sea gets polluted. The greatest danger comes from plastic, as we know that plastic needed some couple of year only can disappear and which can float for years. Fish and marine mammals or the animal stay inside the sea can in some cases mistake plastics for nourishment and they can also become trapped in plastic ropes, nets, bag s and other item even such some innocuous items as the plastic ring used to hold cans of beer and drinks together.From the common sense and logical think that, all this rubbish make by our beloved human being. How dirty the sea is show how the human treat the sea, and it is clear that a good deal of the garbage washed up on beaches comes from people on shore. During holiday makers who leave their rubbish on the beach, fishermen who simply throw unwanted refuse over the side, or from towns and cities that dump rubbish into rivers or the sea is also the way how they polluted the sea. notwithstanding in some areas most of the rubbish found comes from passing ships which find it convenient to throw rubbish overboard rather than dispose of it in ports.For the old tradition and the older century, many people believed that the oceans could absorb anything that was thrown into them, but this is not true, this attitude has changed along with greater awareness of the environment. Many items can be degraded by the seas, but term and condition apply, the things can absorb by sea and the process can take months or years, as the interest table showsTime taken for objects to dissolve at seaPaper bus ticket2-4 weeksCotton cloth1-5 monthsRope3-14 monthsWoolen cloth1 yearPainted wood13 yearsTin can100 yearsAluminum can200-500 yearsPlastic bottle450 yearsSource Hellenic Marine Environment Protection Association (HELMEPA)The MARPOL Convention sought to eliminate and reduce the amount of garbage being dumped into the sea from ships. The Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) is the International Maritime nerves major technical body concerned with the prevention and control of pollution from ships. It is aided in its break by a number of subcommittees. The Department participates in the work of the Committee and a number of the subcommittees. The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) leads Australias work in MEPC.The most important convention regulating and preven ting pollution of the marine environment by ships is the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). The technical requirements of this Convention are included in six separate attaches-Annex I Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil-Annex II Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious foul up Substances in Bulk-Annex III Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form-Annex IV Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships-Annex V Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships-Annex VI Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships.In the Annex I Prevention of pollution by oil, the Annex II Control of pollution by noxious liquid substances, the Annex IV Prevention of pollution by sewage from ships and the Annex V Prevention of pollution by garbage from ships, MARPOL defines certain sea areas as special areas in which, for t echnical reasons relating to their oceanographically and ecological condition and to their sea traffic, the adoption of special mandatory methods for the prevention of sea pollution is required. Under the Convention, these special areas are provided with a higher level of protection than other areas of the sea.Adoption, admittance into force date of taking effect of Special AreasSpecial AreasAdopted Date of Entry into ForceIn Effect FromAnnex V GarbageMediterranean Sea2 Nov 197331 Dec 19881 May 2009Baltic Sea2 Nov 197331 Dec 19881 Oct 1989Black Sea2 Nov 197331 Dec 1988*Red Sea2 Nov 197331 Dec 1988*Gulfs area2 Nov 197331 Dec 19881 Aug 2008North Sea17 Oct 198918 Feb 199118 Feb 1991Antarctic area (south of latitude 60 degrees south)16 Nov 199017 Mar 199217 Mar 1992Wider Caribbean region including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea4 Jul 19914 Apr 19931 May 2011Annex VI Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships establishes certain atomic number 16 oxide (SOx) Em ission Control Areas with more stiff controls on sec emissions.Under Annex V of the Convention, garbage includes all kinds of food, domestic and operational waste, excluding fresh fish, generated during the normal operation of the vessel and liable to be disposed of continuously or periodically. Annex V totally prohibits of the disposal of plastics anywhere into the sea, and severely restricts discharges of other garbage from ships into coastal waters and Special Areas. The Annex also obliges Governments to ensure the provision of reception facilities at ports and terminals for the reception of garbage.The special areas established under Annex V arethe Mediterranean Seathe Baltic Sea Areathe Black Sea areathe Red Sea Areathe Gulfs areathe North Seathe Wider Caribbean Region andAntarctic AreaThese are areas which have particular problems because of heavy maritime traffic or low water exchange caused by the land-locked nature of the sea concerned. The Garbage Record curb must be ke pt for a period of two years after(prenominal) the date of the last entry. This regulation does not in itself impose stricter requirements but it makes it easier to check that the regulations on garbage are being adhered to as it means ship personnel must keep track of the garbage and what happens to it. It may also prove an advantage to a ship when local officials are checking the theme of dumped garbage if ship personnel can adequately account for all their garbage, they are unlikely to be wrongly penalised for dumping garbage when they have not done so. All ships of 400 gross tonnage and above and every ship certified to carry 15 persons or more will have to carry a Garbage Management Plan, to include written procedures for collecting , storing, touch on and disposing of garbage, including the use of equipment on board. The Garbage Management Plan should designate the person responsible for carrying out the plan and should be in the working language of the crew.The Conventio n on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 1972 (the London Convention) was one of the first spherical conventions to protect the marine environment from human activities and has been in force since 1975. Its objective is to promote the effective control of all sources of marine pollution and to take all practicable steps to prevent pollution of the sea by dumping of wastes. Currently, 86 States are Parties to this Convention.In 1996, the London protocol was adopted to modernize the Convention and, eventually, replace it. The London Protocol entered into force in March 2006 and currently has 38 Parties. Under the Protocol all dumping is prohibited, but Parties may issue permits to allow the dumping of the adjacent specified materials, subject to certain conditionsdredged materialsewage sludgefish wastesvessels and platformsinert, inorganic geological material (e.g., mining wastes)organic material of natural originbulky items primarily comprising iron, steel and concrete andCarbon dioxide streams from carbon dioxide capture processes for sequestration (CCS). 3.0 Consequences of Shipping to the EnvironmentThe environmental effects of shipping including greenhouse gas emission and oil pollution. Carbon dioxide emissions from shipping currently estimate at 4 to 5 share of the global total, and estimated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to increases up to 72 percent by 2020 if no action is taken. There is little argument about the truth that shipping is the most carbon-efficient mode of transportation. harmonize to recent report of an IMO expert working group, international maritime shipping accounts for 2.7% of annual global greenhouse gas emissions. Shipment also produces smaller amount of deplete gas emissions which include nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, particulates, carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide for each ton transportation of one kilometer than air or road transport. http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikip edia/ greenness/a/a4/Ship_pumping_ballast_water.jpgBallast water discharges by ships can have a negative impact on the marine environment. Cruise ships, freehanded tankers, and bulk freight rate carriers use a huge amount of ballast water which often taking in the coastal waters in one area after ships discharge waste water or unload cargo, and discharged at the next port of call wherever more cargo is loaded. Ballast water discharge typically contains a variety of biological materials, including plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria where it includes non-native, nuisance, invasive, exotic species that can cause extensive ecological and economic damage to aquatic ecosystems. preventive pollution caused by shipping has increased in recent history. The noises produced by ships can travel for a long distances. Marine species that may rely on sound for their communication, orientation, and feeding can be harmed by this sound pollution. The Convention of the Conservation of Migratory Species had identified ocean noise as a mathematical treating marine life.Oil spills usually associated with ship pollution but less frequent than the pollution those results from daily operations which oil spills have devastating effects. At the same time, it being toxic to marine life which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are the components in crude oil. It is very difficult to clean up and last for many years in the sediment and marine environment. Marine species regularly exposed to PAHs can exhibit developmental problems, susceptibility to disease and abnormal reproductive cycles. ace of the more widely known spills was the Exxon Valdez incident in Alaska. The ship ran aground and dumped a huge amount of oil into the ocean in March 1989. greyish water is waste water from the sinks, galleys, laundry, showers and cleaning activities on board a ship. It can contain a variety of pollutant substances, including focal coli forms, detergents, oil and grease, organic compounds, meta ls, oil color hydrocarbons, nutrients, food waste, medical and dental waste. Untreated grey water from cruise ships can contain pollutants at uneven strengths and it can contain levels of focal coli form bacteria several times greater than which typically found in untreated domestic waste water. Grey water has potential to cause rough environmental effects because of concentrations of nutrients and other oxygen-demanding materials particularly. Grey water is typically the greatest source of liquid waste generated by cruise ships which is 90 to 95 percent of the total.Solid waste generated on a ship includes glass, paper, aluminium, cardboard, steel cans, and plastics. It can be either hazardous or non-hazardous in nature. Solid waste which enters the ocean may become marine debris which can pose a threat to marine organisms, humans, coastal communities and industries that utilize marine waters. Cruise ships usually finagle unhurt waste by combination of source reduction, waste m inimisation and recycling. However, there are 75 percent of solid waste is incinerated on board and the ash typically is discharged at sea although some is for disposal or recycling. Marine mammals, sea turtles, fish and birds can be hurt or killed from entanglement with plastics and other solid waste that may be released from cruise ships. Typically, each cruise ship passenger produces at least two pounds of non-hazardous solid waste each day. With large cruise ships carrying several thousand of passengers, the amount of waste generated in a day can be huge. For a large cruise ship, about 8 tons of solid wastes are generated during a one-week cruise. Next is the impact of the ships. Marine mammals such as whales and manatees face the risks to be soft on(p) by ships which will cause injury and death to them. For example, if a ship is travelling at a speed of only 15 knots, there is 79 percent chance of a collision being lethal to a whale. The greatest danger to the North Atlantic r ight whale is injury sustained from the strikes of the ship. From 1970 to 1999, 35.5 percent of recorded deaths were attributed to collisions. During 2004 to 2006, the number been increased to 2.6 deaths from the collisions has become an extinction threat nowadays.During the shipment, leakages of oil from the ship engine and machinery spaces or from engine maintenance activities and then mixes with water in the bilge, at which the lowest part of the hull of the ship. Oil, gasoline, and also by-products from the biological breakdown of petroleum can harm fish and all the wildlife. As a result, it poses threats to human health if ingested. Oil which even in small concentrations can killed fish or having various sub-lethal chronic effects. Bilge water may also contain solid wastes and pollutants that have high amounts of oxygen-demanding material, oil and other chemicals. A typical large cruise ship will produce an average of 8 metric tons of oily bilge water for each 24 hours of oper ation. To maintain ship stability and remove potentially hazardous conditions from oil blue devils in these areas, the bilge spaces need to be flushed and pumped dry at regular intervals. But before a bilge can be cleared out and the water discharged, the oil that has been accumulated has to be extracted from the bilge water after the extracted oil can be reused, incinerated or offloaded in port. If a separator, which is normally used to extract the oil, is faulty or deliberately bypassed, this will cause untreated oily bilge water to be discharged directly into the ocean, as consequence it will damage marine life.Exhaust emissions from ships are measured as a significant source of air pollution with 18% to 30% of all nitrogen oxide and 9% of sulphur oxide pollution. By the year of 2010, up to 40% of air pollution over land was come from the ships. The sulphur containing in the air creates vitriolic rain which will damages crops and buildings. When inhaled the sulphur, it is known to cause respiratory problems and even increase the risk of having heart attack. The fuel used in oil tankers and container ships contain high amount of sulphurs and is cheaper to buy compared to the fuel used for domestic land use. A ship eliminates around 50 times more sulphur than a lorry per metric tonne of cargo carried. Air pollution from cruise ships is produced by diesel engines that burn high sulphur content fuel oil which also known as bunker oil, which producing sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and particularly addition to carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons. Diesel exhaust has been classified by EPA as human carcinogen. EPA recognizes that these emissions from marine diesel engines contribute to ozone and carbon monoxide nonattainment and adverse health effects associated with ambient concentrations of particulate matter and visibility, haze, acid deposition, and eutrophication and nitrification of water. It is important for the industry to continuously wor k to reduce its environmental impact as the increases of size and global nature of the shipping industry and there is shew that the industry has made significant progress. The fuel efficiency of container ships of 4500 TEU capacity has improved 35 percent between the year of 1985 and 2008. Comparison between a modern 12,000 TEU ship built in the year of 2007 and 1500 TEU container built in the year of 1976 has shows the carbon efficiency on per-mile cargo volume basis has been improved 75 percent in 30 years times.http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Harbor_seals_on_Douglas_breakwater.JPG/220px-Harbor_seals_on_Douglas_breakwater.JPG4.0 International response toward maritime environment issue (laws and regulations, maritime organization)Under the globalization, economic relationships around the world have grown much closer. Shipping is the most international high growth logistic industry of the worlds industries, serving 89.6 per cent of global trade by carrying h uge quantities of cargo in the ocean. However, shipping has bring along many negative impacts to environment includes ballast water, greenhouse gas emissions, oil pollution and others. bodily functions have to be taken in order to overcome and tackle the problems.First and foremost, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) which is a specializes agency of the united Nations with 169 Member States and with around 300 international staff and three Associate Members play the important role in order to response and solving the maritime environmental issues. IMO provide a forum for cooperation among Governments in the field of governmental regulations and practices relating to all kinds of shipping engaged in international trade, facilitating the adoption of comprehensive quadripartite treaties for a wide range of technical measures and in particular, the adoption of the highest standard to enhance safety, security, efficiency in shipping and prevention marine pollution from ship s.For issue of oil pollution, the large volume of oil transported, combined with heavy shipping traffic and poor navigation conditions, make a high risk for oil spills from shipping accidents. For example, about 20% of the accidents in the Malacca Straits involved oil tankers. Most of these tanker accidents were due to collisions and groundings and many resulted in severe oil pollution in the Straits. Toward this issue, IMO seeks to promote technical cooperation to this end by cooperating fully with other organizations within the United Nations family and relevant international, regional and non-governmental organizations to ensure a incorporated approach to the problem and to avoid wasteful duplication of efforts. As the basic philosophy hold by IMO there always if a regional accord or treaty is to remain viable is must be provided with a minimum of institutional support. In the field of marine pollution prevention and response, for example oil pollution in Malacca Straits and Sin gapore, IMO has over the years played a significant catalytic role in helping the littoral zone states bordering the Straits and other ASEAN countries to develop their infrastructure and human resources potential to deal with marine pollution incidents. The efforts included the development of the ASEAN Oil Spill Response Action Plan and the development of the OSPAR Programme.Since shipping become an important activity in global trade, the steel hulled vessels to ship design als