How Body Commodification Through An Anthropological Lens...

How to Analyze Body Commodification through an Anthropological Lens Iran is the â€Å"only country with a regulated market and state-sponsored system of financial remuneration for kidney transplantation† (Potter 2015:11.1). I will be using Iran as a basis to study a regulated market and identify aspects of this state-sponsored program which address the question, is Iran supporting an oppressive system that preys upon the poor or is it an equitable arrangement that enables two people in need to fulfill a life-saving exchange? I am going to be looking at the positives and negatives of a regulated market and then analyzing these viewpoints through an anthropological lens. There are many positive aspects to a regulated market which is evidenced by the Iranian program. For instance, due to the regulated market that permits donor incentives, Iran has virtually no one on their kidney transplant list (Alesi and Muzi 2015). Since there is not a long wait, this system of a regulated m arket spares the recipients the agonizing wait, costly dialysis and shortened life span associated with kidney transplants seen in other countries (Rosenberg 2015). In comparison, there are over â€Å"100,000† people waiting for kidney transplants in America, and most of those will have to wait between â€Å"3 to 10 years† for a donor (Rosenberg 2015). These patients will also have to undergo dialysis, which is not only costly, (approx. $80,000 per year), but also, the â€Å"average lifespan of someone who startsShow MoreRelated Post-Post Critiques of Racism970 Words   |  4 Pages Carrie Mae Weems and Hank Willis Thomas are two contemporary artists who are defying contemporary social and political categories and taking art photo into an engage era. The essays by Annie E Coombes provide a critical analysis of how the contemporary scene is moving beyond categories of post modern, and post race. Both are efforts to rescue contemporary artists who are dealing wit h forms of oppression from being described as old fashion or out of date. Carrie Mae Weems is an AfricanRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesdevelopment of Rasta that deï ¬ es the notion that it is a movement of the insane and the misguided. Given the way in which Rastafarianism has arrived in the world, it is useful when someone is able to help us understand its origins and propose how we can then comprehend how it functions in the world today. Again and again, I encounter students who are interested in reggae music and the music of Bob Marley, but they remain deeply puzzled by Rastafarianism because of its seemingly peculiar tenets of faith

Essay on Alcoholism and Pine Ridge Indian Reservation

Alcoholism is one of our nation’s largest social issues to date, and carries with it many negative aspects, the most dire being death at the hands of this disease. Alcohol and alcoholism have been part of societies for centuries. This habit was brought over to the new world when the first settlers landed on the shores of what was to become America. Furthermore, in bringing alcohol to this new land an entire nation of Native American Indians were introduced to a product that has affected them more negatively than any other to date, and continues to suffer from today and probably well into the future. Pine Ridge Indian Reservation is located in the southwest corner of South Dakota bordering Nebraska. Pine Ridge is home to the Oglala†¦show more content†¦(Kibbey, N.D., p.1) (Schwartz, 2006) The environmental and social factors that Pine Ridge residents must deal with only contribute in this epidemic within their community. Cultural influences such as the decline of Nativ e American culture could be a factor within the oppressed members of the Pine Ridge community. In addition, Cultural clashes that still exist between the dominant group and the oppressed group can cause such things as depression and low self-esteem within that cultural society. Jones-Saumty and et al ( ) state in their article Psychological Factors Of Familial Alcoholism in American Indians and Caucasians that Indians with a familial history of alcoholism reported significantly more of the following drinking behaviors than did the familial Caucasian group: Drinking for mental benefits, obsessive-compulsive drinking, post-drinking guilt, drinking to change mood, loss of control, withdrawal (DTs), and nonalcoholic drug use (p.786). Many of these reasons for drinking could easily be influenced by the environmental factors that play a part in this serious social issue on the reservation, which would include poverty, unemployment, poor education, and drug addiction. These directly correl ate with alcoholism within certain groups or cultures, and this seems to be very evident on Pine Ridge. The reservation has an estimated population of roughly 40,000 and 35% of theShow MoreRelatedThe Poor Condition Of Native Americans1184 Words   |  5 PagesMany factors have contributed to the abysmal condition of Native Americans in the United States. Two of which had the most impact have been poverty and alcoholism. There are many possible reasons why Native American’s were introduced to alcohol. For instance, their religious practice incorporated alcohol to be able to achieve a transcendent experience. It was not escape from reality that Native Americans sought, but more about fulfillment and discovery of oneself. However, Native Americans were uneducatedRead MoreHigh Suicide Rate Among Native American Teenagers Essay690 Words   |  3 Pagesexisting within the reservations of the Native American communities. Many Native American families are still struggling with the pain and anguish their ancestors suffered during the ethnic cleansing and forced relocation of the 1800’s such as the Trail of Tears. A long family tree of mistreatment and undue suffering in addition to present lack of resources and poverty has resulted in considerable distress among tribal members and families living within the majority of reservations today. As a resultRead MoreNative American Gangs During European Colonization1960 Words   |  8 Pageshas suffered the trauma of genocide, dislocation, poverty and oppression mostly through policies and confrontations with the federal government. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 started the systematic relocation of tribes away from coveted land rich in resources and began the process of forced assimilation of Native American people. Today, reservations are populated by the poorest 1% of US citizens. Inadequate education, a political system of custodianship where the US government acts as a guardianRead MoreAlcoholism: An Enemy of the Abandon Essay1034 Words   |  5 Pagesexperienced in his fiction novel, â€Å"The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-time Indianâ₠¬  and talks about the struggle in his interviews. In addition to Alexie’s stories, Diane Sawyer, a reporter, investigates a Native American tribe and discovers that alcohol abuse is common in the reservation. Alcoholism is portray as an enemy to Native Americans; however, alcohol becomes a tool that matures Alexie as an individual. Therefore, alcoholism through the story of the author’s life can educate society to care forRead MoreNative American Gangs During European Colonization2674 Words   |  11 Pageshas suffered the trauma of genocide, dislocation, poverty and oppression mostly through policies and confrontations with the federal government. Today, reservations are populated by the poorest 1% of US citizens (Koppisch) and have become a hotbed of violent gang culture. To understand the roots of this social condition we can examine how The Indian Removal Act of 1830 started the systematic relocation of tribes away from coveted land rich in resources began the process of forced assimilation of NativeRead MoreA Qualitative Study of the Oglala Lakota Sioux: the Devastating Implication of Substance Abuse2579 Words   |  11 Pagesproblem is that the indigenous people are genetic predisposed to alcohol abuse and addiction, compounded by the geographical location of the Native American, living on the Pine Ridge Reservation. This project will be in support of the developed pattern of alcohol abuse amongst the Native Americans living on the reservations in order to establish a historic model of use and abuse. The data gathering processes for this project will executed by a collaborative team of researchers. This activityRead MoreExpansionism As A Policy Of Promoting Economic Growth1775 Words   |  8 Pagescapitalists neglecting the opinions and rights of Indians, for profit and expansionism, as â€Å"An estimated two million indigenous people in the United States were reduced, through slaughter, starvation, and disease, to less than a quarter of a million people by 1900† (Kratzer). Although the Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868 stated that â€Å"no white person or persons shall be permitted† to enter the Black Hills, the administration of Ulysses S. Grant pressured the Indians to sell the Black Hills, as it was a majorRead MoreNative Americans a Marginalized Population2911 Words   |  12 Pagescolonialism; they were considered to be ignorant and hostiles by the â€Å"White† settlers, forced to live on reservations, lost their culture and values through assimilation and stripped of their rights in society. Segregation, Social Darwinism, and other discriminatory practices have led to the marginalization of Native Americans, resulting in the lowest standard of living in the United States, high rates of alcoholism, and a significant loss of heritage as they are cut off from native rituals and language andRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcoholism On The Native American Population1098 Words   |  5 Pagesthat the average person’s alcoholism is symptomatic of individual experiences. Alcoholism among the native population is encouraged by overwhelming and uncontrollable outside cultural forces. This is all to say that when Louis writes about his recovery from alcoholism and the effects of the disease on the Native American population, he is reaching beyond the surf ace implications of excessive drink and moving toward the causes and conditions of that substance abuse. Alcoholism is representative of theRead MoreEssay about Repression of the Native American Society1187 Words   |  5 Pagestreatment. Most had already left by the time 1830 rolled around. In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act. Under this law, the federal government â€Å"provided funds to negotiate treaties that would force the Native Americans to move west.† (The Americans, 228) Over all, about 90 treaties were signed by Native Americans, many tribes were forced and threatened by the government to sign. While the Chicksaw Indians were being forcibly removed by soldiers from orders by Jackson in 1832, the Cherokee took

Essay on Understanding Work Duties in Business Management

There are many different fields in the business world. Business Management is the largest field in the corporate world. It takes responsibility, skill and determination to form a successful business of any type. There are numerous areas within a business that need the skills of management. Control of expenses, payroll, time management, and to initially raise capital to start a business all are areas in which management has to play an important role. Any businesses main objective is to gain a profit. A profit is the amount of money a business earns after all of it debts are paid. The field of management is essential to organize the business in such a way that a profit is made. The business start up is the most important piece of†¦show more content†¦One type of cost is called fixed cost. This type of cost is the expense of a business that does not change and are always constant in a business. When money is made, debts are the first initiative to be paid off. Fixed costs include rent, wages to employees, and equipment needed to produce you good and or service. In for example a Flower shop, the fixed costs would be the rent on the building, the payment of the delivery vans, and employee salaries. The other type of costs is called variable cost. This type of cost is one that is ever changing. Again in a Flower shop the variable costs would be a dozen roses. One week a dozen roses may cost the flower shop five dollars to buy them and then they sell them for forty-five dollars. Then the next week the price of the roses my rise by five dollars now costing the flower shop ten so in order for the florist to make the same amount of money as last week he needs to increase his price to the consumer with the increase on price he is paying. The basic main idea of cost is to keep it as low as possible to gain the highest profits. Determining the profit of a business is another major part of management. Profit is the total income that you receive afte r paying all of your debts. All debts include for example rent, wages, and interest. A general formula to calculate profit is P = R - C. This says when total revenue is subtracted fromShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Health Systems Management988 Words   |  4 PagesHaving a clear understanding of ethics is condusive to ones professional endeavors. According to Merriam Webster, one of the definitions of ethics is â€Å"rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally right or wrong† (Merriam-Webster, 517). As professionals, we are expected to perform our duties and represent our professional concentration ethically. Before one can do this, a clear understanding of ethics, must be developed. Such as the understanding I gained upon completion of my EthicalRead MoreThe Human Resource Management ( Hrm ) Position Specific Education1595 Words   |  7 Pagesresource management (HRM) position specific education and requirements need to be meet. A bachelor’s degree i s the education needed to obtain a job for this occupation. Most bachelor programs for human resource management take four years to complete (Human Resources Management Degree, 2003). With a bachelor’s degree it will give the tools that are expected to enter a variety of business settings (7 Essential Questions, 2015). A bachelor of arts or a bachelor of science in human resource management willRead MoreThe Responsibilities Involved With The Project Management1371 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper describes in brief the responsibilities involved with the project management. It also states the minimum educational qualification, skills, certifications needed and the salaries given to people in this role in today’s world. Keywords: [Click here to add keywords.] University of Houston Clear Lake A project is basically an assignment which has a definitive start and end times. It is a task undertaken to create a product or a service. Every project usually performs a unique set of operationsRead MorePrinciples And Standards Of Conduct1645 Words   |  7 Pagesexpects all Team Members to: †¢ Begin work on time and complete a productive, full work day. †¢ Demonstrate a considerate, friendly, and constructive attitude toward other Team Members and to our customers. †¢ Comply with the policies, requirements, and procedures adopted by the Company. †¢ Follow directions and instructions from their supervisor regarding normal work activity. †¢ Not interfere with the orderly work of others and not loiter on company premises while off duty. Unauthorized appearance on companyRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Risk Management1415 Words   |  6 PagesThe Human Resource Management/Risk Management Interface Like risk, human resources are pervasive in the business. Human resource management is most effective when integrated with decision making throughout the business. 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Manufacturing Development Strategies in Aviation Industry- Sample

Questions: Critically assess the contemporary commercial challenges for airline or airport management from the perspective of leadership and global competition in different country settings. Critically evaluate the management challenges resulting from product and service innovations for airlines and airports in a global setting. Critically assess the corporate planning process for airlines and airports for long term profitability. Critically evaluate the business planning cycle for short term profit targets for airlines and airports. Critically appraise financial statements such as balance sheets, financial ratios, etc. and evaluate how theses statements and ratios are used in evaluating the financial health of a company. Critical evaluation of financial plans and long-term business viability via the identification of various sources of finance. Answers: Introduction Ethiopian Airlines are the flag carrier of Ethiopia. It is wholly owned by the government of Ethiopia. It started its operations from the year 1946 (Adamski 2012). It expanded to international flights in the year 1951. This airline is a member of the International Air Transport Association and African Airlines Association. The headquarter of this airlines is located at Bole International Airport. It is in the capital of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. From here, it serves as many as 82 passenger destinations of which 19 are domestic and 23 freighter (Amankwah-Amoah and Debrah 2012). Ethiopian airlines fly to many locations in Africa. It is much more than any other airlines. It is one of the most profitable airlines in the region of Sub-Sahara. The Economist featured these airlines as an example of excellence in the year 1987. It was named as the most profitable airlines in Africa in the year 2010 by Air Transport World. Therefore, it is obvious that this airline is a very prominent and growin g airline in the world. Market Overview Market overview represents the general market share and growth potentiality of a company. The Ethiopian airlines comprise as many as 83 international destinations and 20 domestic destinations. It includes 49 cities of Africa, 13 in America and Europe and 21 in Asia and the Middle East. The division of cargo serves 24 locations, which includes 15 in Africa, 2 in Europe and seven in the Middle (Eas Crespo et al. 2012). As a part of the company policy, apart from the main activities, this airline also earns revenue from maintenance service to aircraft of foreign airlines and specialized training to both foreign and Ethiopian trainees. In the year 2005, this airline adopted a vision named vision 2010'. It targeted to increase passenger traffic to around 3 million and revenue to the US $ 1 billion. By 2010, these airlines achieved far all the objectives that were set in vision 2010. In 2010, the airlines adopted another vision named vision 2025'. It targeted a strategy of development for 15 years. Under this vision, the airlines target to increase its fleet to around 120, destination number to 90, carrying 18 million passengers (De Neufville 2015). In the year 2010, Ethiopian Airlines signed a deal for acquiring 49% of Air Malawi, which is a Malawian carrier. The government of Malawi would own the remaining shareholdings. Impact of changes in regulations and operational environment within the region Various changes in the operational environment and regulations affect an airline company. Ethiopian airlines are no exception to this. The general condition of African continent is not so well during recent times. The continent is clouded with poverty, civil and political unrest (Dinges 2012). These factors are strong enough to affect the operations of Ethiopian Airlines. The social and political environment in which it exists would affect any corporation. The unstable social, political, and economic environment of Africa have adversely affected many airlines in the continent of Africa. However, Ethiopian Airlines were an exception. These factors did affect the performance of the airlines, but the overall growth potentiality and revenue-earning capacity of the airlines were not hampered. In spite of various regulation changes by the government and various adverse social and economic factors of the environment, this airline continued to expand its operations an earn good amount of rev enue (Ellison and Stafford 2014). There are some factors for this. They are discussed as follows: The most important reason is perhaps that this airline has one of the most dedicated and exceptionally committed workforces in entire Africa. This is obviously a huge advantage for the airlines. The employees of this airline do not simply regard themselves as just an employee under an employment contract with the company. They very much consider themselves as an integral part of the entire family of Ethiopian Airlines. They consider themselves as a part of the mission and vision of the corporation. This is indeed a very exceptional advantage to any corporation (Gssling and Peeters 2015). The policy of the airline is very effective. This is more so about cost leadership. The corporation is very strict in the aspect of cost leadership. The company aimed at a lowest possible cost per unit while delivering services that meets the global standards. This has given the corporation an advantage regarding flexibility of pricing. Next reason for the growth of the airlines despite unfavorable operational regulations is that the policies and strategies of this airline are all on the long-term basis. The 15-year strategy is a very prominent example of this fact. Determination of long-term strategy has helped the organization to survive the adverse changes in regulation and operational environment (Helmreich 2012). Another very important reason for the success and survival of this airline can be attributed to the corporate governance of the organization. The management and ownership of those airlines are completely separate and distinct which has given this organization an excellent advantage. Top line opportunities and challenges There are many regulations and operational changes recently in Africa. The overall economic and social situation is not conducive for growth of business. The changes have affected most of the businesses and large corporations in Africa. It had an effect on Ethiopian airlines also. These changes created many opportunities and challenges for this airline (Rodrigues and Cusick 2012) These are explained below. Opportunities The first major opportunity that cropped up because of changes was that those changes adversely affected the competitor organizations. The competitor organizations were affected primarily due to the changes in government regulations and general economic depression. As a result, their growth and revenue decreased. This was a major advantage to Ethiopian Airlines. The organization took advantage of this fact, and it earned much more revenue than other major competitors like Kenyan Airways. This was largely due the good corporate governance and strategy of the management of Ethiopian Airlines (Sheehan 2013). Government regulations also helped the organization expand its operations to other countries of other continents. For example, the company announced recently that they wanted to expand their reach to Latin American countries and some countries of Asia. However, the conformation dates were yet to be announced by the airlines. Additional revenue opportunities cropped up due to some of the regulation changes made by the government. The government allowed training to foreign airlines company. Because of this, Ethiopian Airlines started to give training and aircraft maintenance facilities to both airlines of different African countries and domestic airlines of Ethiopia. This increased the revenue of the company largely. This change of regulation obviously proved to be an advantage for the organization (Weckman et al. 2014). Lufthansa Airways are the largest airlines in entire Europe. This company provided mentorship service to the Ethiopian Airlines. This was a major opportunity for the airlines as it received mentorship service from such a large airlines company of Europe. It would provide various strategic advantages to the Ethiopian Airlines. Challenges The major challenge increased in the aviation fuel cost. The economic depression in Africa led to the increase in the fuel cost in Ethiopia due to government financial policy. The increase in fuel cost means a major increase in cost per unit. This can affect the cost leadership policy of the organization (Merkert and Morrell 2012). The African aviation industry is large and growing rapidly. It is also very lucrative. This has prompted many foreign airlines company to open their operations in this continent. Most of these airlines are very powerful and can capture the African market. This is posing a great challenge to Ethiopian Airlines. The government policy to improve roads and railway infrastructure can lead to a decrease in the number of airline customers. Potential Scenario for the next 1 to 5 years reflecting the competitive landscape As mentioned earlier, African aviation industry is large and growing. There are many big players in this industry in Africa, both domestic and foreign. The lucrative African industry for aviation is also attracting much other large aviation company from foreign continents. These can prove to be a very tough competition for Ethiopian Airlines shortly (Wensveen 2015). The major competitors of this organization are Air France, Egypt Air Holding Company and Kenya Airways Limited. They can provide a more severe competition in future. Ethiopian airlines have recently started receiving mentorship services from Lufthansa Airways. This is a good advantage for the organization. This can prove to be a critical factor in surviving the future competition and gaining the upper hand. The tough competition can pose as a big challenge for the organization in the future. Tough competition would require the company to decrease the price of its service. However, it can prove to be difficult in a situation where aviation fuel price is rising. This is indeed a challenging situation for the organization in the future scenario. The recent rise and growth of Emirates and Qatar Airways are threatening the future scenario for Ethiopian Airlines. These two airline companies are growing rapidly and looking to establish a strong foothold in the African continent. Both of these companies have a strong financial position and good customer base (Sheehan 2013). From the above discussion, it is evident that the future holds a tough competition scenario for Ethiopian Airlines. Key recommendations for survival and growth of Ethiopian airlines in future It is evident from the previous discussions that this organization is facing some immediate challenges and some threats for the near future. Tough competition is a major factor among the challenges and threats. The increase in fuel price due to government policy and environmental challenges such as social unrest are adding to the list of threats for the future scenario for this airline. Some recommendations can be given to the company for helping it to survive and grow in the challenging environment of the future. These recommendations are given below: The corporate governance of the organization is efficient and strong, as discussed earlier. However, it can be improved further. If the management can be made more muscular, then the company has a strong chance of eliminating the competition of the future. Flexibility should be added to the management and governance. The element of flexibility is very crucial for surviving the uncertain environment of the future. The company can incorporate some experience members of management of reputed global airlines (Sheehan 2013). Those experienced management personnel have already faced tough situations in the past. They are experienced enough to handle these types of difficult situations. That is why it is required to incorporate such management personnel from other competitor airlines in the organization. This can also give to the organization various insights about the competitors and their strategies. The company must aim to maintain their role of cost leadership. They must try cost reduction as much as possible so that they can decrease the price of services offered by them. It is utmost essential in this competitive environment (Ellison and Stafford 2014) Alliance with one or more of their competitor can also prove to be fruitful. Alliance with the other main competitors can increase the revenue and eliminate unwanted competition. Many companies have gained the advantage from alliances and mergers. Management of Ethiopian airlines can consider this strategy. The company can also use sound future forecasting techniques that can help them analyze the future and act appropriately beforehand. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that Ethiopian Airlines is a leading airline in Africa, and one of the popular airlines of the world. It has various positive aspects, and the company is growing rapidly and expanding its operations to various foreign countries. However, it also faces some challenges due changes in environmental, operational and government regulation of the region. There is also a tough competition from some of the leading airline companies of the world. To tackle all these factors, some recommendations have been suggested at the end of this report, like providing flexibility to the management, maintaining the role of cost leadership, etc. References Adamski, W., 2012. Manufacturing development strategies in aviation industry.Advances in manufacturing science and technology,34(3), pp.73-84. Amankwah-Amoah, J. and Debrah, Y.A., 2012. Competing for scarce talent in a liberalised environment: evidence from the aviation industry in Africa.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,22(17), pp.3565-3581. Crespo, A.M.F., Weigang, L. and de Barros, A.G., 2012. Reinforcement learning agents to tactical air traffic flow management.International Journal of Aviation Management,1(3), pp.145-161. De Neufville, R., 2015. Management of multi-airport systems: a development strategy.Journal of Air Transport Management,2(2), pp.99-110. Dinges, D.F., Graeber, R.C., Rosekind, M.R. and Samel, A., 2012. Principles and guidelines for duty and rest scheduling in commercial aviation. Ellison, A.P. and Stafford, E.M., 2014. The dynamics of the civil aviation industry. Gssling, S. and Peeters, P., 2015. It does not harm the environment!An analysis of industry discourses on tourism, air travel and the environment.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,15(4), pp.402-417. Helmreich, R.L., 2012. On error management: lessons from aviation.British Medical Journal,320(7237), p.781. Iani, C. and Wickens, C.D., 2015. Factors affecting task management in aviation.Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society,49(1), pp.16-24. Liou, J.J., Yen, L. and Tzeng, G.H., 2013. Building an effective safety management system for airlines.Journal of Air Transport Management,14(1), pp.20-26. Malighetti, P., Meoli, M., Paleari, S. and Redondi, R., 2012. Value determinants in the aviation industry.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,47(3), pp.359-370. Merkert, R. and Morrell, P.S., 2012. Mergers and acquisitions in aviationManagement and economic perspectives on the size of airlines.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,48(4), pp.853-862. Rodrigues, C.C. and Cusick, S.K., 2012.Commercial aviation safety. McGraw-Hill. Sheehan, J.J., 2013.Business and Corporate Aviation Management. McGraw-Hill Education. Weckman, G.R., Shell, R.L. and Marvel, J.H., 2014. Modeling the reliability of repairable systems in the aviation industry.Computers industrial engineering,40(1), pp.51-63. Wensveen, J.G., 2015.Air transportation: a management perspective. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd..