Case Study Oil Pollution In Malaysia

Case Study Oil taint In MalaysiaNowadays nautical operations have been seriously affected by the milieual studys. The environmental hacks have become the challenges for merchant post progress s superannuatedier. marineic companies, ship owners, port operators, shipyard, bunker, dealers argon now big(a) the concern to the maritime cleanliness. Marine environmental issues include the matters such as cover pollution, nixion to control of funnel emissions and from the dumping of applesauce to use of antifouling.The impacts of shipping and ports on the leatherneck environment have brought an interest to the community. Even though shipping industry always seen as environmental friendly, however, they still contri onlye to pollution. transport industry is seen as environmental friendly because the impact of pollution brought by shipping is much lesser than the road and in addition air.In the year 1990, 12% of marine pollutants estimated were ca apply by the marine transport . The impacts that brought by shipping and port activities be through operational and also accidents. These impacts may lead to wide range of marine habitats. So, legislation regarding environmental and also shipping activities is set to increase in the next ten years to minimize the risk that brought by port activities.In our paper, we will outlineCases that regard marine environmental issueConsequences of shipping on the environmentLaws and regulations and also maritime organizations in minimizing the marine environment worry2.0 Case Study OIL POLLUTION IN MALAYSIAThe marine pollution has now become a crucial issue that drawn the concerns of galore(postnominal) countries. This issue was seen as it will generate a great negative effect towards living creatures on the earth. There atomic number 18 many sources that contributed to marine pollution, which mostly argon the land-based sources and vessel-based. So, to proceed into deeper understanding on marine pollution, our focus would be on the vessel-based or ocean transportation as one of the causes to the marine pollution.To talk just about the ocean transportation, it eventually referring to marine transport and the activities at ports. Cargo and oil color color color color ports usually are non the major cause to the pollution. However, it only occurred when there are the shipping accidents, oil spills and so on. peculiarly to the busiest traffic route, accidents tend to happen frequently. It butt jointnot be blame that the wet shipping is now increasing due to more than and more open trade in international level. When there is the open trade, more trade activities between nations occur, therefore in order to deliver those goods, mass prefer to choose wet transport, as it is less expensive than separate kind of transportation. Hence, more vessels are operating to fulfill those requests. As the consequences, more vessels aim the increasing of the possibilities of the accidents may occur and more pollution.For instance, the Straits of Malacca and the South China ocean is the major commercial shipping route between the India naval and the Pacific Ocean. The Straits of Malacca is exposed to a serious vessel-based marine pollution due to heavy volume of shipping passing through it. From the annual report of Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency, it stated that in 2010, there are more than 75000 vessels passed through the Straits. Thus, those vessels that passed through are believed to discharge the pollutants that make significant to marine pollution such as oil and grease into the water from the activities of tank cleaning, bilging, deballasting and bunkering.Table 1.0 on below presents that the number of vessels that stop by the major ports along the Straits of Malacca from 2000 to 2002. From the statistics, Penang and Port Klang were the busiest ports compared to others.Table 1.0 Number of Vessels by Major Ports in the Straits of Malacca (2001-2002)PORT20002001200 2PENANG7,2637,4607,328PORT KLANG12,8041,30313,175SUNGAI UDANG9551,066987PORT DICKSON1,1851,152908MALACCA1,3561,0901,137TG. BRUAS461462423 gibe24,02424,53323,958(Source retrieved from Marine De severment, Malaysia)Besides that, the oil pollution at the Malaysian coastal waters also may come from the vessel operation, tanker accidents, and oil geographic expedition and so on. (Law, Ravinthar Yeong, 1990). Since the arising of the number of vessels on the sea, it could not be help with the shipping accidents may come out as the heavy maritime traffic. During the period between 1975 and 1987, the shipping accidents that occurred in Malaysian water were more than ten cases. From those accidents, the calculation of the crude oil that spilled and released into marine environment was about 23,000 lashings. In which, that sum of money of oil pollution was equivalent to an average of 150 ships per day that crossing the Straits of Malacca (Finn et al. 1979).Table 2.0 Type of vessels that i nvolved in accident in Malaysia (2008 to 2011) attribute OF VESSEL / YEAR2008200920102011TANKER9191417BULK CARRIER1552CONTAINER36105OFFSHORE SUPPORT VESSEL13714CARGO1013109 another(prenominal)17271315(Source retrieved from Marine Department, Malaysia)Table 2.0 memorialises that the type of vessels that involved in accident from 2008 to 2011. From the statistics, it indicated the pollution that caused by the vessels at the resembling time.As well as the activity that related to handling of crude oil and refined oil at the terminals and the port will also contribution to oil pollution, because in some circumstances, somemultiplication during the process of transferring the oil from an oil tanker to oil terminal will eventually cause the oil leaking and go into the sea. For subject, the oil handling activities and heavy maritime tanker vessels that goes through the Straits of Malacca that cause the drop of quality of coastal waters at the Port Dickson (Law, Ravinthar Yeong, 1990). fudge 3.0 Oil Spill Incidents in Malaysia Waters Year (1976-1997)YearName of ShipLocationCauseType and Quantity of Oil Spill1977AsianThe Straits of MalaccaCollision supply oil 60 piles1978ESSO MERSIAThe South China seaCollisionFuel oil 505 tons1979 eventThe South China seaCollision raw(a) oil 10000 tons1980LIMAThe Straits of SingaporeCollisionCrude oil 700 tons1981MT OCEAN TRASUREThe Straits of MalaccaHuman misplayFuel oil 1050 tons1984BAYAN PLATFORMThe South China SeaHuman ErrorCrude oil 700 tons1986BRIGHT DUKE/MV PANTASThe Straits of MalaccaCollision1987MV STOLT ADVThe Straits of SingaporeGroundingCrude oil 2000 tons1987ELHANI PLATFORMThe Straits of SingaporeGroundingCrude oil 2329 tons1988GOLAR LIEThe Straits of SingaporeGrounding1992NAGASAKI SPIRITNear Medan, IndonesiaCollisionCrude oil 13000 tons1997EVOIKOS/ORADIN GLOBALThe Straits of SingaporeCollisionFuel oil 25000 tons1997AN TAIThe Straits of MalaccaMaterial FatigueFuel oil 237 tons(Source retrieved from Marine Departmen t, Malaysia)From the data, it shown the numerous of oil spill incidents happened in around Malaysia Waters. It indicated the seriousness of the marine pollution issue at the same time. Especially the crude oil is very difficult to clean up, and it may last for years in sediments. As the consequences of oil pollution, it develops huge impact to surroundings not only to marine ecosystem but also to all-kind living ecosystem either now or indirectly as they are chain together and interdependent to to each one other.Therefore, in order to tackle down the oil pollution issue, there are many enactments that related to water transport were drafted by Malaysian governance as an effort to reduce the issues. As the example, Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution) Act 1994, this act was introduced to impose punishment and civil liability in the work of wages compensation to any vessel that caused pollution damage within the area of Malaysia. For such, the owner of the ship will liable and subje ct to fines. At the same time, Malaysian government and other victims able to claimed compensation against the owner for the damage that caused. The oil pollution damages are include of the property damage, the clean-up cost at the sea and on-shore, as well as the economical loss such as marine culture industries and tourism sectors.In the international level, MARPOL 73/78 is the world-wide collection for the streak of Pollution from Ship. It was drafted to reduce the marine pollution, including dumping, oil and others. Its objective is to preserve the marine ecosystem through the complete elimination of oil pollution and other harmful substances and yet to minimize the accidental discharge of those pollutants. Hence, in this treaty, states that signed are bound to the obligation on preserving the marine ecosystem.In a part of conclusion, the water transportation is considered to be related to environmental issue. Though it may be in minor interrelated but I believed it should b e taken in great concern as the problems that created may develop great impacts to all. So, I think the awareness should be took place before a welt situation it can be developed into that could be out of control.Case study Sea droolIn this modernistic century, every things is going in the rapid rate, every country is try to develop become a modern and developed, wish to change from the developing country to developed country, this for sure that the technology keep on upgrade to achieve it. When the positive things happen, at the same time have the negative things happen, because of the technology keep on upgrading, on the same time the waste is keep on increasing too. The world is changing time by time, previously the world is not the world of today. This is also hap on the Sea. The sea of today is so polluted here I would desire to explain to some case about the sea and what is going on in the real situation.First and foremost, I would like to says that the sea pollution is when the chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural and residential waste, noise or the spread of invasive organisms get in to the ocean, is may cause to become potential harmful or harmful effects it happen the sea pollution. Later on I will hash out about how the ship release those rubbish in to the sea and how it affect the sea. Thos garbage will affect the whole ecosystem. We will show out a table about how many years needed for the garbage to digest. Garbage from ships can be just as deadly to marine life as oil or chemicals. This will affect the whole worlds not just the sea as well as our human being. Here I would like to talk about more how the sea gets polluted. The greatest danger comes from plastic, as we know that plastic needed some couple of year only can disappear and which can float for years. Fish and marine mammals or the animal stay inside the sea can in some cases mistake plastics for nourishment and they can also become trapped in plastic ropes, nets, bag s and other item even such some innocuous items as the plastic ring used to hold cans of beer and drinks together.From the common sense and logical think that, all this rubbish make by our beloved human being. How dirty the sea is show how the human treat the sea, and it is clear that a good deal of the garbage washed up on beaches comes from people on shore. During holiday makers who leave their rubbish on the beach, fishermen who simply throw unwanted refuse over the side, or from towns and cities that dump rubbish into rivers or the sea is also the way how they polluted the sea. notwithstanding in some areas most of the rubbish found comes from passing ships which find it convenient to throw rubbish overboard rather than dispose of it in ports.For the old tradition and the older century, many people believed that the oceans could absorb anything that was thrown into them, but this is not true, this attitude has changed along with greater awareness of the environment. Many items can be degraded by the seas, but term and condition apply, the things can absorb by sea and the process can take months or years, as the interest table showsTime taken for objects to dissolve at seaPaper bus ticket2-4 weeksCotton cloth1-5 monthsRope3-14 monthsWoolen cloth1 yearPainted wood13 yearsTin can100 yearsAluminum can200-500 yearsPlastic bottle450 yearsSource Hellenic Marine Environment Protection Association (HELMEPA)The MARPOL Convention sought to eliminate and reduce the amount of garbage being dumped into the sea from ships. The Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) is the International Maritime nerves major technical body concerned with the prevention and control of pollution from ships. It is aided in its break by a number of subcommittees. The Department participates in the work of the Committee and a number of the subcommittees. The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) leads Australias work in MEPC.The most important convention regulating and preven ting pollution of the marine environment by ships is the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). The technical requirements of this Convention are included in six separate attaches-Annex I Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil-Annex II Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious foul up Substances in Bulk-Annex III Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form-Annex IV Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships-Annex V Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships-Annex VI Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships.In the Annex I Prevention of pollution by oil, the Annex II Control of pollution by noxious liquid substances, the Annex IV Prevention of pollution by sewage from ships and the Annex V Prevention of pollution by garbage from ships, MARPOL defines certain sea areas as special areas in which, for t echnical reasons relating to their oceanographically and ecological condition and to their sea traffic, the adoption of special mandatory methods for the prevention of sea pollution is required. Under the Convention, these special areas are provided with a higher level of protection than other areas of the sea.Adoption, admittance into force date of taking effect of Special AreasSpecial AreasAdopted Date of Entry into ForceIn Effect FromAnnex V GarbageMediterranean Sea2 Nov 197331 Dec 19881 May 2009Baltic Sea2 Nov 197331 Dec 19881 Oct 1989Black Sea2 Nov 197331 Dec 1988*Red Sea2 Nov 197331 Dec 1988*Gulfs area2 Nov 197331 Dec 19881 Aug 2008North Sea17 Oct 198918 Feb 199118 Feb 1991Antarctic area (south of latitude 60 degrees south)16 Nov 199017 Mar 199217 Mar 1992Wider Caribbean region including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea4 Jul 19914 Apr 19931 May 2011Annex VI Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships establishes certain atomic number 16 oxide (SOx) Em ission Control Areas with more stiff controls on sec emissions.Under Annex V of the Convention, garbage includes all kinds of food, domestic and operational waste, excluding fresh fish, generated during the normal operation of the vessel and liable to be disposed of continuously or periodically. Annex V totally prohibits of the disposal of plastics anywhere into the sea, and severely restricts discharges of other garbage from ships into coastal waters and Special Areas. The Annex also obliges Governments to ensure the provision of reception facilities at ports and terminals for the reception of garbage.The special areas established under Annex V arethe Mediterranean Seathe Baltic Sea Areathe Black Sea areathe Red Sea Areathe Gulfs areathe North Seathe Wider Caribbean Region andAntarctic AreaThese are areas which have particular problems because of heavy maritime traffic or low water exchange caused by the land-locked nature of the sea concerned. The Garbage Record curb must be ke pt for a period of two years after(prenominal) the date of the last entry. This regulation does not in itself impose stricter requirements but it makes it easier to check that the regulations on garbage are being adhered to as it means ship personnel must keep track of the garbage and what happens to it. It may also prove an advantage to a ship when local officials are checking the theme of dumped garbage if ship personnel can adequately account for all their garbage, they are unlikely to be wrongly penalised for dumping garbage when they have not done so. All ships of 400 gross tonnage and above and every ship certified to carry 15 persons or more will have to carry a Garbage Management Plan, to include written procedures for collecting , storing, touch on and disposing of garbage, including the use of equipment on board. The Garbage Management Plan should designate the person responsible for carrying out the plan and should be in the working language of the crew.The Conventio n on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 1972 (the London Convention) was one of the first spherical conventions to protect the marine environment from human activities and has been in force since 1975. Its objective is to promote the effective control of all sources of marine pollution and to take all practicable steps to prevent pollution of the sea by dumping of wastes. Currently, 86 States are Parties to this Convention.In 1996, the London protocol was adopted to modernize the Convention and, eventually, replace it. The London Protocol entered into force in March 2006 and currently has 38 Parties. Under the Protocol all dumping is prohibited, but Parties may issue permits to allow the dumping of the adjacent specified materials, subject to certain conditionsdredged materialsewage sludgefish wastesvessels and platformsinert, inorganic geological material (e.g., mining wastes)organic material of natural originbulky items primarily comprising iron, steel and concrete andCarbon dioxide streams from carbon dioxide capture processes for sequestration (CCS). 3.0 Consequences of Shipping to the EnvironmentThe environmental effects of shipping including greenhouse gas emission and oil pollution. Carbon dioxide emissions from shipping currently estimate at 4 to 5 share of the global total, and estimated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to increases up to 72 percent by 2020 if no action is taken. There is little argument about the truth that shipping is the most carbon-efficient mode of transportation. harmonize to recent report of an IMO expert working group, international maritime shipping accounts for 2.7% of annual global greenhouse gas emissions. Shipment also produces smaller amount of deplete gas emissions which include nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, particulates, carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide for each ton transportation of one kilometer than air or road transport. http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikip edia/ greenness/a/a4/Ship_pumping_ballast_water.jpgBallast water discharges by ships can have a negative impact on the marine environment. Cruise ships, freehanded tankers, and bulk freight rate carriers use a huge amount of ballast water which often taking in the coastal waters in one area after ships discharge waste water or unload cargo, and discharged at the next port of call wherever more cargo is loaded. Ballast water discharge typically contains a variety of biological materials, including plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria where it includes non-native, nuisance, invasive, exotic species that can cause extensive ecological and economic damage to aquatic ecosystems. preventive pollution caused by shipping has increased in recent history. The noises produced by ships can travel for a long distances. Marine species that may rely on sound for their communication, orientation, and feeding can be harmed by this sound pollution. The Convention of the Conservation of Migratory Species had identified ocean noise as a mathematical treating marine life.Oil spills usually associated with ship pollution but less frequent than the pollution those results from daily operations which oil spills have devastating effects. At the same time, it being toxic to marine life which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are the components in crude oil. It is very difficult to clean up and last for many years in the sediment and marine environment. Marine species regularly exposed to PAHs can exhibit developmental problems, susceptibility to disease and abnormal reproductive cycles. ace of the more widely known spills was the Exxon Valdez incident in Alaska. The ship ran aground and dumped a huge amount of oil into the ocean in March 1989. greyish water is waste water from the sinks, galleys, laundry, showers and cleaning activities on board a ship. It can contain a variety of pollutant substances, including focal coli forms, detergents, oil and grease, organic compounds, meta ls, oil color hydrocarbons, nutrients, food waste, medical and dental waste. Untreated grey water from cruise ships can contain pollutants at uneven strengths and it can contain levels of focal coli form bacteria several times greater than which typically found in untreated domestic waste water. Grey water has potential to cause rough environmental effects because of concentrations of nutrients and other oxygen-demanding materials particularly. Grey water is typically the greatest source of liquid waste generated by cruise ships which is 90 to 95 percent of the total.Solid waste generated on a ship includes glass, paper, aluminium, cardboard, steel cans, and plastics. It can be either hazardous or non-hazardous in nature. Solid waste which enters the ocean may become marine debris which can pose a threat to marine organisms, humans, coastal communities and industries that utilize marine waters. Cruise ships usually finagle unhurt waste by combination of source reduction, waste m inimisation and recycling. However, there are 75 percent of solid waste is incinerated on board and the ash typically is discharged at sea although some is for disposal or recycling. Marine mammals, sea turtles, fish and birds can be hurt or killed from entanglement with plastics and other solid waste that may be released from cruise ships. Typically, each cruise ship passenger produces at least two pounds of non-hazardous solid waste each day. With large cruise ships carrying several thousand of passengers, the amount of waste generated in a day can be huge. For a large cruise ship, about 8 tons of solid wastes are generated during a one-week cruise. Next is the impact of the ships. Marine mammals such as whales and manatees face the risks to be soft on(p) by ships which will cause injury and death to them. For example, if a ship is travelling at a speed of only 15 knots, there is 79 percent chance of a collision being lethal to a whale. The greatest danger to the North Atlantic r ight whale is injury sustained from the strikes of the ship. From 1970 to 1999, 35.5 percent of recorded deaths were attributed to collisions. During 2004 to 2006, the number been increased to 2.6 deaths from the collisions has become an extinction threat nowadays.During the shipment, leakages of oil from the ship engine and machinery spaces or from engine maintenance activities and then mixes with water in the bilge, at which the lowest part of the hull of the ship. Oil, gasoline, and also by-products from the biological breakdown of petroleum can harm fish and all the wildlife. As a result, it poses threats to human health if ingested. Oil which even in small concentrations can killed fish or having various sub-lethal chronic effects. Bilge water may also contain solid wastes and pollutants that have high amounts of oxygen-demanding material, oil and other chemicals. A typical large cruise ship will produce an average of 8 metric tons of oily bilge water for each 24 hours of oper ation. To maintain ship stability and remove potentially hazardous conditions from oil blue devils in these areas, the bilge spaces need to be flushed and pumped dry at regular intervals. But before a bilge can be cleared out and the water discharged, the oil that has been accumulated has to be extracted from the bilge water after the extracted oil can be reused, incinerated or offloaded in port. If a separator, which is normally used to extract the oil, is faulty or deliberately bypassed, this will cause untreated oily bilge water to be discharged directly into the ocean, as consequence it will damage marine life.Exhaust emissions from ships are measured as a significant source of air pollution with 18% to 30% of all nitrogen oxide and 9% of sulphur oxide pollution. By the year of 2010, up to 40% of air pollution over land was come from the ships. The sulphur containing in the air creates vitriolic rain which will damages crops and buildings. When inhaled the sulphur, it is known to cause respiratory problems and even increase the risk of having heart attack. The fuel used in oil tankers and container ships contain high amount of sulphurs and is cheaper to buy compared to the fuel used for domestic land use. A ship eliminates around 50 times more sulphur than a lorry per metric tonne of cargo carried. Air pollution from cruise ships is produced by diesel engines that burn high sulphur content fuel oil which also known as bunker oil, which producing sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and particularly addition to carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons. Diesel exhaust has been classified by EPA as human carcinogen. EPA recognizes that these emissions from marine diesel engines contribute to ozone and carbon monoxide nonattainment and adverse health effects associated with ambient concentrations of particulate matter and visibility, haze, acid deposition, and eutrophication and nitrification of water. It is important for the industry to continuously wor k to reduce its environmental impact as the increases of size and global nature of the shipping industry and there is shew that the industry has made significant progress. The fuel efficiency of container ships of 4500 TEU capacity has improved 35 percent between the year of 1985 and 2008. Comparison between a modern 12,000 TEU ship built in the year of 2007 and 1500 TEU container built in the year of 1976 has shows the carbon efficiency on per-mile cargo volume basis has been improved 75 percent in 30 years times.http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Harbor_seals_on_Douglas_breakwater.JPG/220px-Harbor_seals_on_Douglas_breakwater.JPG4.0 International response toward maritime environment issue (laws and regulations, maritime organization)Under the globalization, economic relationships around the world have grown much closer. Shipping is the most international high growth logistic industry of the worlds industries, serving 89.6 per cent of global trade by carrying h uge quantities of cargo in the ocean. However, shipping has bring along many negative impacts to environment includes ballast water, greenhouse gas emissions, oil pollution and others. bodily functions have to be taken in order to overcome and tackle the problems.First and foremost, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) which is a specializes agency of the united Nations with 169 Member States and with around 300 international staff and three Associate Members play the important role in order to response and solving the maritime environmental issues. IMO provide a forum for cooperation among Governments in the field of governmental regulations and practices relating to all kinds of shipping engaged in international trade, facilitating the adoption of comprehensive quadripartite treaties for a wide range of technical measures and in particular, the adoption of the highest standard to enhance safety, security, efficiency in shipping and prevention marine pollution from ship s.For issue of oil pollution, the large volume of oil transported, combined with heavy shipping traffic and poor navigation conditions, make a high risk for oil spills from shipping accidents. For example, about 20% of the accidents in the Malacca Straits involved oil tankers. Most of these tanker accidents were due to collisions and groundings and many resulted in severe oil pollution in the Straits. Toward this issue, IMO seeks to promote technical cooperation to this end by cooperating fully with other organizations within the United Nations family and relevant international, regional and non-governmental organizations to ensure a incorporated approach to the problem and to avoid wasteful duplication of efforts. As the basic philosophy hold by IMO there always if a regional accord or treaty is to remain viable is must be provided with a minimum of institutional support. In the field of marine pollution prevention and response, for example oil pollution in Malacca Straits and Sin gapore, IMO has over the years played a significant catalytic role in helping the littoral zone states bordering the Straits and other ASEAN countries to develop their infrastructure and human resources potential to deal with marine pollution incidents. The efforts included the development of the ASEAN Oil Spill Response Action Plan and the development of the OSPAR Programme.Since shipping become an important activity in global trade, the steel hulled vessels to ship design als

Poverty in Sudan: Trends and Causes

need in Sudan Trends and CausesTo measure the trends of indigence in a systematic way one needs a continuous flow of household-level info pertaining to income and expenditure. The first household budget survey carried out in Sudan was in 1968 followed by the second one on 1978. In 1992 the ILO funded the mig proportionalityn and labor force survey. Also, in 1992 the Social Solidarity fund funded the pauperisation line survey. In 1994, Ali adopts a direct approach to assess the impact of the Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) (1978-1986) on privation in Sudan. However, and beforehand reviewing privation in Sudan let us glimpse the factors behind poverty in Sudan.Causes of wantThe causes of awkward poverty in Sudan atomic frame 18 to be found in the sustained urban bias of the development st putgies adopted since independence. This tended to neglect the handed-down agricultural sector where the vast majority of population lives and is the important source of rural live lihood. This has resulted in high rural to urban migration unaccompanied by either increase productivity in the sector or qualified urban development to gene rove the necessary urban employment opportunities. Note that the development of the agricultural sector was completely ignored but it was dichotomous in nature in the sense that the Islands of modern-day irrigated agriculture coexisted side by side with the vast traditional rain fed agriculture. While the former benefited from modern scale specific technologies and market access, the latter lagged behind in terms of production technologies, finance, management, research, extension, market access and rural roads. As a result of this nauseated urban/rural development structure, the traditional agricultural sector continued to be the major source of limited supply of unskilled labor to urban centers in that respectby swelling the ranks of the informal labor markets where there is little employment at or near the subsistence wa ge level. This has overly exerting additional pressures on the already limited and over stretched social services and facilities. These trends were further aggravated by those displaced by both natural (rainf all(prenominal) failures leading to famines) and manmade disasters. El Tahir M. Nur (1992).In addition and passim the stoppage since independence, there has been a clear pro- urban bias in policies adopted by successive governments. These manifested themselves in the provision of a reasonably up to(predicate) social and stinting infrastructure non matched by similar facilities in the rural areas. These pro- urban biases were further strengthened by the long running policies of subsidizing a variety of goods consumed by urban population. However, such goods were out of reach of many of most of the urban execr subject particularly, the recent migrants from rural areas who represent the unretentiveest of the urban poor who are manually employed in the marginal jobs in the i nformal sector. But, it must pointed out that most of these consumption subsidies suck in been abolished under the recent scotch reform programs, though electrical capability and piped water are still subsidized such that piped water is cheaper in urban than in rural areas. The effects of urban bias were further aggravated by government marketing policies for some of the major trade crops mostly grown in rural traditional sector, where export monopolies very much along the lines of the old marketing boards, were established for Gum Arabic, oilseeds (abolished in late 1980s) and more recently livestock. This marketing structure has adversely touch on farmers incomes, their incentives to increase production and their chances to raise their living standards. In the context of poverty alleviation, the current marketing structure for those exports needs radical reform.As discussed above, causes of poverty are more complex. Part of the explanation is certainly the lack of rural focus in the various development efforts since independence. The other part of the explanation relates to the basic characteristics of the traditional sector. In other words, it is vulnerability that constitutes the major cause of impoverishment and need in the traditional sector. The unstable climatic conditions of rural Sudan, with their characteristics of frequent rainfall variability, have from time immemorial altered rural producers to the periodic oscillation from feast to famine situations. A basic strategy of rural producers was and continues to be hoarding of surpluses in good years to transcend the hardships of lean years. Furthermore, conflict in Sudan, as in elsewhere represent the most devastating factor to nations infrastructure and welfare. Therefore, the civil strife took place in various parts of the country since independence, represents one of the most ravaging factors and has a tremendous impact on poverty situation in the country. Thus, southern Sudan was the most s evere conflict and has been counted as the most destructive elements of development in the whole country. The war has as well resulted in numerous cases of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and returnees whose situation become aggravated after they were but in zero stage of living.The problems of debt and the deterioration in donor community of interests relations have also a tremendous effect on the poverty situation in Sudan. The Inter issue Institutions such World Bank and African Development Bank used to finance several sectoral developmental projects that have a direct impact on population welfare. However, the absence of those institutions has resulted in an un-bridged bed cover in terms of resources availability that reduces employment opportunities.Magnitude and poverty trendsIt is most important to note that the poverty trends differ very slightly and sometimes parti-color greatly between groups. In general terms, the outlet of the poor people in rural areas has chan ge magnitude with a rate nearly equal to the rate of population increase. And the number of the poor urban household has increased at a higher rate than the urban population growth rate. This situation was created due(p) to immigration took place from the rural areas to urban centers responding to the economic incentives consistent with the objectives of maintaining industrial revolution centered in urban sector. However, as we mentioned earlier, the industrial sector was not able to absorb the rural migration. An elaboration of poverty situation pull up stakes be presented in the sub-periods below depending mainly on studies made by Ali Abdel Gadir Poverty and Structural Adjustment Programs in Sudan.The trend of head count index in Sudan over this period (1968-1978) had been increasing at an annual rate of 0.5% assume 4. Over the same period, the number of rural households had been growing at a rate equal to the rural population growth rate while the number of poor urban househo lds had been growing at a rate higher than the urban population growth rate. Over the same period, the poverty gap ratio in the whole country had been decreasing at an annual growth rate of 0.64%. This shows that although poverty had been spreading at an annual rate of 0.5 % over the period, the economic conditions of the poor had improved over the same period. The rural urban poverty structure emerged as a result of a hasty adoption of soprano economy development modules that advocate development through the transfer of cheap labor from the rural traditional sector (agriculture) to the urban modern sector (industry). urban modern wage sector failed to absorb the rural migrants and marginal urban jobs by the rural migrants (the informal sector) proved not to be a stepping muffin to the formal wage sector.During the period (1978-1986) the headcount index increased from 54.3% in 1978 to 77.8% in 1986 at an annual rate of increase 4.6% and the rural urban poverty disparity was that t he rural headcount index for urban increase from 20.5% in 1978 to 52.9% in 1986. However, the rural relative incidence of poverty (83.1) remained higher than the incidence of urban poverty (53%). However, the period had witnessed that the incidence of urban poverty had been growing at a higher annual rate 12.6% than the rural (3.3%). Meanwhile, the number of poor families in Sudan increased from 1.7 million in 1978 to 2.7 million in 1986 in an annual rate of 6.2% which is higher than the population growth rate. Up to 1986, the number of the poor rural families exceeded the number of the urban poor families by 2.33 million but growth rate of the poor urban families exceeded that of rural by 9.4% percentage points ( Nur, 20035).The observed high thou of the incidence of urban poverty (12.6%) over the period (1978-1986) was attributed to the structural adjustment programs (SAPs) and the urban bias development policies (i.e. the development that overlooks the rural areas without creat ing enough urban jobs) conjugate with urban poverty growing faster than rural poverty. Sudan poverty gap index, over the period (1978-1986) increased from 23.1% in 1978 to 45.4% in 1986 at an annual rate of increase of 8.8%. This implies that, given the incidence of poverty, the income gap ratio increased from 42.6% in 1987 to 58.4% in 1986 at an annual rate of increase of 3.9%. By contrast, during the period (1968-1976) the incidence of poverty has been increasing at an annual rate of 0.5% but poverty and income gap ratio has been decreasing at an annual rates of 0.64% and both 1.2% on an individual basis (improve economic conditions of the poor). Comparing the two periods, we notice that the poverty levels, both in urban and rural, have increased sharply. Therefore, the situation has become more and more tangled and the existing social safety nets ( Zakat and other social funds) were unable to address the phenomena at that time.During this period, the incidence of poverty has a lso increasing. The national headcount index increased from 77.8% in 1986 to 91.4% in 1992. The rural and urban headcount indexes increased from 82.1% to 93.2% and from 52.9% to 84.4% respectively. In addition to, the number of poor households increased from 2.71 million, in 1986 to 3.43 million in 1992 at an annual rate of increase of 4% (Nur, 20037). The poverty trend is shown below in Annex 4.The national poverty gap index increased at an annual rate of 1.7% over the period (1986-1992). The rural and urban poverty indices increased at an annual rate of 1.4% and 2.9% respectively. The national urban mean income of the poor as a ratio of the poverty line decreased over this period from 0.42 to 0.33, from 0.54 to 0.43, and from 0.38 to 0.22 respectively. This indicates that poverty had been deepened all over the country, particularly in the rural areas.Generally, trine main poverty indicators namely, the head count index, the income gap index and poverty gap index, had been increas ing at an increasing rate all over the period. It is also revealed that structural rural and urban forms of poverty exist in Sudan since 1986 and continued to exist at higher rates. Again, the continued urban bias characterized development in Sudan, overlooked the agricultural sector, lead to reduction in rural livelihoods. The result is that high rates of rural migration took place without creating sufficient employment opportunities for immigrants, coupled with switch resulting natural and manmade disasters has worsened the situation. The public spending on social services like health and pedagogy was reduced and the poor are obliged to fall in for these essential services, putting more pressure on their earnings in the formal sector defected their coping efforts to catch up with the rising cost of living.During this period, there is a serious vacuum in the data close to poverty and other human indicators that have direct or indirect relation with surveys. Therefore, this peri od depend very much on perceptions and nobody dared to come out with results on poverty since no recognized survey oriented research is conducted in this field. However, several attempts were undertaken to tackle the issue. These attempts were not able to cover that huge gap through time (i.e. time series data to cover the period 1994-2003), although, they were able to produce an acceptable results and arguments that could be used as a proxy for the poverty phenomena in Sudan. The most interesting attempt has conducted by Eltahir M. Nur Human Poverty in Sudan (2000) Magnitude and Distribution then updated in 2003.Human PovertyAs poverty in the human development perspective manifests itself in the wishing of lives that people can lead, Tahir Nur methodology identified three main areas of human exit that correspond to the three human choices. These areas of deprivation include deprivation in survival, deprivation in admitledge, and deprivation in economic provisioning.Size and dist ribution in deprivation in SurvivalDeprivation in survival is all over the country but particularly high in the rural areas. While the rural national averages of direction or the probabilities that a person will die before age 40, a child will die before age 5, and an infant will die before his (her) first birthday are 20.2%, 10.5%, and 7.2%, the urban national means of the same poverty indicators are 19.4%, 9.95% and 6.89% respectively for northeastward Sudan where data is available, are 22.77%, 11.73%, and 8.10% respectively. From this comparison, we conclude that in terms of in the southNorth, urban deprivation in the South is higher than that in the North but the differences in poverty indicators are small. Within the North, the rural deprivation in survival is higher than the urban one and again the rural urban differences in poverty indicators are small.Looking at the state rural rank of poverty, we note that the top five states in rural poverty are the Red Sea, the Blue Ni le, Kassala, South Kurdufan, and North Darfur. Their group means of the three poverty indicators (29.66%, 15.52%, and 10.52%) are higher than the national means (23.59%, 12.3%, and 8.334%) of the same poverty indicators. We also note that the states with the least rural deprivation in survival are El Giezira, the northern, the River Nile, North Kordufan, West Kurdufan, and South Darfur arranged by the order of being the least poor state. The probability that a person will die before age 40 is the largest component of the deprivation survival index throughout the States a great loss of productive human capital.Size and distribution of the deprivation in knowledgeThe rural national deprivation is almost double the urban national deprivation in knowledge. While the rural national means of inaccessibility to media, adults analphabetism rate, basic education dropout rate, and secondary education dropout rate are 67.2%, 27.4%, 9.8%, and 53.6%, the urban national means of the same poverty indicators are 42.4%, 15.8%, 26.8%, and 27.4% respectively. Therefore, priority in the re-education of the deprivation in knowledge should go to rural areas. Provision of basic and secondary education service is vital for the reduction in the deprivation in knowledge because education dropout rate is the major component of the deprivation in knowledge index in all the States and across the board of rural and urban location. The rate of inaccessibility to media (radio and T.V) is the largest component of the rural deprivation in knowledge index.Upon raking the states by the basic education dropout rate, the States of the Blue Nile, North Kurdufan, West Darfur, North Darfur, and South Kurdufan come top in the state level rural profile of the deprivation in knowledge. Their rural group means of inaccessibility to media (75%), adults illiteracy rate (29.3%), basic education dropout rate (69.6%), and secondary education dropout rate (71.1%) are higher than the national rural means (67. 2%, 27.4%, 49.8%, and 53.6%) of the same poverty indicators respectively. For the national urban poverty ranking, while the blue Nile and west Darfur states retain their positions among, Wau, and Malakal replaced North Kurdufan north Darfur, as South Kurdufan as top poor urban areas in knowledge. While rural Khartoum is among the middle poor state in knowledge, urban Khartoum is among the least poor states in knowledge. In view of these results, basic, secondary, and adults education services should be extended to the rural areas with emphasis on the top five poor states.Size and distribution of the deprivation in economic provisioning agrarian national deprivation in economic provisioning is higher than the urban national one. The rural national means of the proportion of people with no access to electricity (75.5%), with no access to safe drinking water (46.7%), with poor sanitation (46.5%), dependent on the use of biomass energy (79.6%), below food poverty line (55.9%) are higher than the urban national means except for the head count index (80.9%) and the proportion of people dependent on the use of biomass energy (82.8%) which are higher in the urban areas. However, the rural national mean of the intricate poverty index (59%) is higher than urban national mean of the composite poverty index (54%). Therefore, rural areas rank number one in the deprivation of economic provisioning. On average, while the proportion of people who have no access to electricity (75.5%) and that of those who depend on the use of biomass energy (79.6%) are the highest rural poverty indicators the latter (82.8%) and the proportion of those who are below food poverty line (80.9%) are the highest urban poverty indicatorThe experience of the Sudan, however, is unique. Some studies came out with, despite the relatively high growth, evidence seems to suggest that its effect did not trickle down considerably to reduce poverty or expand formal employment opportunities. Ibrahim A. Ibrahi m et al (200111) While people expecting the poverty levels be reduced as the countrys GDP increased, there is strong allegation that poverty is increasing. In conclusion, while worldwide benefited from the global economic growth, Sudan did get to know that experience and the effect of economic growth on poverty is still very minute in general perception. Although, the prompt reason to think about is the mal-distribution of income, yet, the situation has many other interpretations and this area will further be elaborated in coming paper.

Ghost Story of the New Jersey Devil :: Urban Legends Ghost Stories

The New island of jersey perplexThe urban legend I chose to write about for this assignment is the report of the island of Jersey Devil. The Jersey Devil is a creature that was, according to legend, born from a woman in southern New Jersey and it is supposed to have haunted the state of the surrounding area for at least 260 years. The Jersey Devil is known as a creature that mutilates livestock as well as different animals and is said to appear shortly before disasters occur.I was able to listen to two versions of the story surrounding the Jersey Devil while conducting research for this assignment. The number one story teller is an 18 year old womanly from Rockaway, New Jersey. This town is a suburban community in northern New Jersey with the majority of residents belonging to the economic middle class. I collected this story during a trip to see my parents on April 1, 2006 at the story tellers home. She told me the story shortly after dinner so it was nearly dark when s he told me the story. The second story teller is a 15 year old female that is also from Rockaway, New Jersey. This story teller also told me the story of the Jersey Devil on April 1, 2006, and also delivered the story from her home during dinner.When the first story teller, the 18 year old female, began to tell me her version of the story of the Jersey Devil, she first said that she did not know much about the legend. She then explained to me that the Jersey Devil is an animal-like creature that lives in the Pine Barrens (the Pine Barrens is a sparsely populated, wooded area of southern New Jersey). He has been seen by many different stack who have camped in the area, and he has killed several campers over many years. She finished her story by saying that he is very scary and that she has been afraid of the Jersey Devil for years. When I asked her where she heard this story, she told me that she could not remember but she did remember hearing about the story while she was in elementary school.The second story teller, the 15 year old female, also stated that she did not really know much about the Jersey Devil. She started by saying that he lives in the woods, and then corrected herself by saying that he lives in the Pine Barrens in southern New Jersey.

Zapatistas :: Essays Papers

ZapatistasFor the past several years, there has been an on going movement to liberate the walloping population of farmers in Mexico. These farmers are fighting to win back their pro-claimed rights to their farm land. The farmers operate within an organization known as the Zapatistas. In present eon the Zapatistas, with the help of the media especially the filmmaker Nettie Wild, have gained global attention towards their struggle for human rights. Many efforts have been made by outside authorities wish the US, to assist the human rights movement in Mexico. The movement so far has resulted in many political killings of the Zapatistas members. Mexicos government has been trying to rid themselves of the crazy house the Zapatistas have stirred up within the country. The Mexican government has forced over 17,000 people into refuge because they have not allowed them back onto their farm land. Efforts treat on behalf of the Zapatistas and many outside authorities to bring peace to this area of Chiapas.I believe that the Zapatistas have made their fight a global issue. The fraud of Erica Chappuis displays a culture of people who are in hiding and trying to survive with the little resources they have. The art displays Zapatistas with coffee plants in which they are selling, corrosion their trademark bandana covering their faces. This picture makes a strong argument for what they are fighting for. If Mexico allowed them back onto their land they would still be cultivating coffee, but would not have to cover their faces. The covering of the Zapatistas faces exploits the human rights struggle that they are currently fighting. The Zapatistas movement is a post modern diversity. In the knowledge base instantly the emphasis on human rights is strong, thus this is why the Zapatistas have gained so much attention. I believe that the Zapatistas are slowly succeeding in their revolution because of the mass attention they are receiving. As more and more p eople become aware of the horrible human rights struggle these people are undergoing, I believe their mission will become more and more successful. The more people who know about the struggle will then in delve put more pressure on the Mexican government to liberate these people. I believe that the Zapatista movement is worthy of support. No people in the world should be forced off their land and into hiding.

Economy of the Netherlands :: essays research papers

The Netherlands has been a trading nation for centuries due to its open economy and outlook. The Dutch are seasoned travellers. They are proficient in languages and skilled in negotiating trade agreements and implementing projects against the odds.As an open economy, the Netherlands is susceptible to external developments, notably in recent years the global recession which has been exacerbated by travel share prices, the attacks of 11 September 2001, the war in Iraq and the outbreak of SARS.Nevertheless, the Netherlands was the worlds eighth largest exporter of goods and services in 2003. Its workforce numbered 7.5 million, three-quarters of whom worked in the service sector. Per capita staring(a) domestic product (GDP) was 27,900. The unemployment rate was 5.3%. And growth was strongest in the public sector, education and health care.Traversed by the rivers Rhine, Maas and Scheldt as they meander towards the North Sea, the Netherlands is a hub of transport and statistical distri bution a natural gateway to Europe and centre for multinational enterprise. Its advantages include an advanced infrastructure both for transport and telecommunications. Many Asian and North American imports to Europe are transhipped at Rotterdam or Amsterdam, the countrys two transport centres.The harbour of Rotterdam is the largest in the world, transhipping tens of millions of tonnes of goods per year. And Amsterdam Schiphol Airport is the fourth largest airport in Europe for both passenger and goods traffic. Dutch transport companies are clustered around the two main import and export centres Amsterdam Schiphol Airport and the seaport of Rotterdam.The best-known transport companies are Nedlloyd, Frans Maas and Smit International. The worlds oldest national airline, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, had to merge with French airline Air France in 2003.Many Dutch companies operate globally. The Netherlands three largest international trading companies are Ahold, SHV Holdings and Hagemeyer . Many manufacturers, such as Unilever Philips, Akzo Nobel and Shell, also do a great deal of trade.Dredging is a Dutch specialty and companies such as Boskalis, HAM and Ballast Nedam have larger foreign operations than domestic ones. And KPN Nederland is a major player in international telecommunications, working with many non-Dutch companies.Dutch manufacturers too have a global outlook. They export goods worldwide, maintain subsidiaries in many countries and often join forces with foreign partners. The main manufacturing industries are chemicals, food processing, metalworking and the refining of gas and oil. The printing and electronic engineering industries are also world-class. Dutch

Niemann: Picks Disease Essay -- Medicine Medical Genetics Papers

Niemann resources complaint Niemann Pick disease consists of a group of genetic disorders in which the common tout is a varying degree of sphingomyelin storage in certain tissues of the body. check to the current classification based on the enzymatic defect underlying these disorders, 2 main groups are distinguished. The first group, which comprises guinea pig A, which is characterized by a gruelling deficiency in acid sphingomyelinase use, includes infantile neuronopathic form and pillow slip B, an adult continuing form without neurologic symptoms. In the second heterogeneous group called type C, neuro-visceral involvement is massive and lipid metabolism is affected. The sphingomyelin that accumulates in the lysosomes of the Niemann-Pick disease booths is thought to go up from the degradation of cells and their organelles since it is a major component of all mammalian cell membranes, the myelin sheath and the erythrocyte stroma. In Niemann-Pick type C, the main lipid h ive away in patients cells is not sphingomyelin but cholesterol, however, there is a close blood between sphingomyelin metabolism and cholesterol metabolism. Sphingomyelinase is an acidic lysosomal hydrolase that catalyses the cleavage of sphingomyelin to phosphoryl choline and ceramide. In patients with Picks disease its activity is deficient in all lysosome containing tissues. patients with type A, the infantile form have 0.7% of the normal sphingomyelinase activity with median values in the take off of 0-1% , while in patients with adult onset neuronopathic or non-neuronopathic disease the activity range is 0-19% of the normal, with median values in several tissues from 2-8% . This enzyme defect explains the massive certification of sphingomyelin in tiss... ...sh Medical Journal 295(6610)1375-1376. 4. Levade, Salvayre, Maret and Blazy. Endogenous and Exogenous Sources of Sphingomyelinin Picks Disease A & B. (1988) Inher. Metab. Dis. 11, 151-157. 5. Maziere, M. Lageron, Polon ovski. Alterations in Cholesterol Metabolism in Cultured Fibroblast From Patients with N-P type C. (1987) Inher. Metab. Dis. 10, 339-346. 6.Liscum and Faust. Low Density Lipoprotein Mediated Suppression of Cholesterol Synthesis and beta-lipoprotein Uptake is Defective in N-P Type C Fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (17002-17007). 7. Blanchette, Sokol et. al. Type C Niemann- Pick disease. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 3411-3415. 8. Levade and Gatt. Uptake and Intracellular Degradation of Flourescent Sphingomyelin by Fibroblasts From Normal Individuals and a Patient With Niemann- Pick Disease. (1987)Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 918, 250-257. Niemann Picks Disease Essay -- Medicine Medical Genetics PapersNiemann Picks Disease Niemann Pick disease consists of a group of genetic disorders in which the common feature is a varying degree of sphingomyelin storage in certain tissues of the body. According to the current classification based on the enzymatic defect underlying the se disorders, two main groups are distinguished. The first group, which comprises type A, which is characterized by a severe deficiency in acid sphingomyelinase activity, includes infantile neuronopathic form and type B, an adult chronic form without neurologic symptoms. In the second heterogeneous group called type C, neuro-visceral involvement is massive and lipid metabolism is affected. The sphingomyelin that accumulates in the lysosomes of the Niemann-Pick disease cells is thought to arise from the degradation of cells and their organelles since it is a major component of all mammalian cell membranes, the myelin sheath and the erythrocyte stroma. In Niemann-Pick type C, the main lipid accumulated in patients cells is not sphingomyelin but cholesterol, however, there is a close relationship between sphingomyelin metabolism and cholesterol metabolism. Sphingomyelinase is an acidic lysosomal hydrolase that catalyses the cleavage of sphingomyelin to phosphoryl choline and ceramide. In patients with Picks disease its activity is deficient in all lysosome containing tissues. Patients with type A, the infantile form have 0.7% of the normal sphingomyelinase activity with median values in the range of 0-1% , while in patients with adult onset neuronopathic or non-neuronopathic disease the activity range is 0-19% of the normal, with median values in several tissues from 2-8% . This enzyme defect explains the massive deposition of sphingomyelin in tiss... ...sh Medical Journal 295(6610)1375-1376. 4. Levade, Salvayre, Maret and Blazy. Endogenous and Exogenous Sources of Sphingomyelinin Picks Disease A & B. (1988) Inher. Metab. Dis. 11, 151-157. 5. Maziere, M. Lageron, Polonovski. Alterations in Cholesterol Metabolism in Cultured Fibroblast From Patients with N-P type C. (1987) Inher. Metab. Dis. 10, 339-346. 6.Liscum and Faust. Low Density Lipoprotein Mediated Suppression of Cholesterol Synthesis and LDL Uptake is Defective in N-P Type C Fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 2 62 (17002-17007). 7. Blanchette, Sokol et. al. Type C Niemann- Pick disease. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 3411-3415. 8. Levade and Gatt. Uptake and Intracellular Degradation of Flourescent Sphingomyelin by Fibroblasts From Normal Individuals and a Patient With Niemann- Pick Disease. (1987)Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 918, 250-257.

Jealousy in Ancient Greek Society :: Greek History Studies

Jealousy in Ancient Greek Society Jealousy is one of the harsher and more passionate faces of erotic love in Ancient Greek Society. societal norms for love and bloods dictate that older manpower are the lovers who pursue women and young boys. cope infects the pursuer and causes him to have intense feelings about the object of his desire, but non always vice versa. Consequently jealousy is seen more as the active partners disease and is commonly associated as a male emotion. Women likewise experience jealousy but they are not supposed to be the pursuers in relationships according to societal norms. Since society only excuses the pursuer in the relationship acting on jealous impulses, a women doing so was improper because she was not supposed to be the active partner in the relationship. Hence jealousy was lots more widely accepted as a mans disease. By examining the views of society in The Women of Trachis and the Legal Text VIII, Wounding with Intent to m assacre Quarrel over a boy, on love as a sickness, controlling jealousy, and how to win back a lost love, we can conclude that Loves face of jealousy in Ancient Greek society appears to only be accepted as a predominately male emotion. Society excuses umteen of mens jealous and irrational actions because of the widely held belief that Love effects men like a sickness. In The Women of Trachis, Deianira continually excuses her husbands actions, blaming his outrageous whole kit on him being poisoned by Love. When Heracles attacked a city so that he could win his mistress, Deianira blames Love for rousing him to such hysteria. She thinks that it is love alone which bewitched him into this violence(355). She has also justified all his past affairs with this same theory. Deianira mentions that Heracles is sick as he so often is with this same sickness(543) of love. Society has allowed men to use Love as an excuse for their outrageous actions as well as the legitima te reasoning behind their deeds. Deianira also expresses societys view on Loves power when she says, For Love rules even the gods as he pleases(443).